Forum Transcripts

Beats...Orchestrating the Scene 10/11/05

Event start time:

Tue Oct 11 12:03:49 2005

Event end time:

Tue Oct 11 13:37:58 2005



Legend:
Questions from the Audience are presented in red.
Answers by the Speaker are in black.
The Moderator's comments are in blue.

mary rosenblum

Hello all.

mary rosenblum

Welcome to our Tuesday Forum.

mary rosenblum

I hope you're all enjoying the fall weather and finding more writing time indoors as the days shorten.

mary rosenblum

If the weather's not pleasant, why not set a story in a nice sunny locale?

mary rosenblum

It's a great way to escape the waning year. :-)

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer. We're talking about beats today. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

mary rosenblum

I wanted to talk about 'beats' today.

mary rosenblum

This is a craft issue that a lot of novice writers are not consciously aware of.

mary rosenblum

While some people insert them automatically, many people do not.

mary rosenblum

And they are a primary method of controling the pace of your story or narrative.

mary rosenblum

Beats are the small glimpses of visual action that keep the scene active in your reader's mind's eye.

t green

Is this like beating your story into submission? lol!

mary rosenblum

More like beating your story into action, t! :-)

mary rosenblum

They can be glimpses of the character from an 'action tag' in dialogue:

mary rosenblum

"You'll have to tell me." Angel pouted into the mirror. "Is my lipstick the right shade?"

mary rosenblum

Here, 'Angel pouted into the mirror' is the beat.

mary rosenblum

We SEE that action.

mary rosenblum

In narrative form, again, beats are used to keep that scene fresh and active in the readers mind's eye.

mary rosenblum

Winter in Narrow Crossing dragged in gray and remained gray. Dirty snow, charcoal trees against a grimy sky, gray permeated the residents' souls. On this January morning...

mary rosenblum

Bartlett Perlon whistled as he tossed snow from his sidewalk. The notes came out yellow. Argyle Mennisir paused to stare.

mary rosenblum

We see this bit of action...Perlon tossing snow, and Argyle staring.

ducky

Well, isn't the whole idea of writing a story an attempt to create a movie in the reader's mind?

mary rosenblum

Yes, but you would be amazed how easy it is to leave that out...

mary rosenblum

because YOU see it so clearly in YOUR mind.

mary rosenblum

It is one of the most common weaknesses I see in novice stories...

mary rosenblum

endless narrative or lengthy dialogue with few or not beats of action.

mary rosenblum

It is part of 'show, don't tell'...not ALL of it, but one aspect.

mary rosenblum

And those beats are necessary even in first person and limited third.

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer. We're talking about beats today. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

tory

Mary, is that something you do a lot on first draft? Or do you find yourself adding a lot of beats in rewrite?

mary rosenblum

I tend to put most of them in in first draft just because I'm aware of the flow of action and dialogue as I draft...

mary rosenblum

but I always tweak them in revision...

mary rosenblum

and it's nothing to worry about in first draft.

mary rosenblum

Just write the story.

mary rosenblum

If they're not there, you can add them in draft two.

tory

Mary, your example is striking. The contrast between the gray of the sky, day and souls with someone "tossing" and "whistling".

mary rosenblum

Aha, Tory, I did that on purpose. Becauase beats are not just to keep the reader aware of the scene...

mary rosenblum

but to add to the piece, either deepening the tone or...as in the example I did...dropping blobs of verbal 'color' onto the page to accentuate the gray.

kungfumama

So the whole idea is to drop just a few descriptive things, and let the reader's mind paint the rest, right?

mary rosenblum

Yes, kung...that's true in general and what makes prose distinct from visual media.

mary rosenblum

You are stuck with the director's version of reality in a movie...

mary rosenblum

but in a book, YOU create the reality.

mary rosenblum

YOU being the reader.

mary rosenblum

Your job as author is to provide the reader with the correct foundation for the scene and let the reader fill in the rest.

tory

Yes, makes me want to know why someone is so carefree in such a dreary place.

ducky

Like when I read that passage, I saw an immediate potential for conflict between those two characters?

mary rosenblum

Me, too, Tory. LOL And yes, ducky, that was my intent...

mary rosenblum

and this is where beats are more than just filler.

mary rosenblum

You use them to enhance tension or add contrast or draw the reader's attention to something that is important.

mary rosenblum

Narrative tends to become a monotonous drone if it goes on without breaks.

mary rosenblum

Beats provide those breaks and offer you a lot of 'color options' at the same time.

mary rosenblum

Winter in Narrow Crossing dragged in gray and and remained gray. Dirty snow, charcoal trees against a grimy sky, gray permeated the residents' souls. On this frozen morning, Bartlett Perlon dragged himself down the ugly gray sidewalk. ARgyle Menniser nodded and slogged past, a shopping bag of celery swinging from his hand.

mary rosenblum

This is the same narrative as before and notice that this time, I used different beats.

mary rosenblum

They don't provide much contrast.

mary rosenblum

About the only color is the celery.

mary rosenblum

Here, the beats merely keep the scene refreshed in the reader's mind's eye.

kungfumama

It seems a lot like music composition, really. Composers always add sidenotes to the theme.

mary rosenblum

Very much so, Kung! Writing is very similar to composing music, I think...

mary rosenblum

many of the same things apply...tone, rhythm, melody, counterpoint.

mary rosenblum

You do it

mary rosenblum

by ear when you first start writing, but as you become more aware of the process of what you do, you vary it intentionally.

ducky

Ain't nobody happy in this one. Real dark tone.

mary rosenblum

Real gray tone, right?

mary rosenblum

And I could have added some beats of real darkness to it.

mary rosenblum

That would darken it more than that mere gray.

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer. We're talking about beats today. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

tory

This is opening up a new level of writing for me, Mary. So often I think my beats are just filler: she got glasses from the cupboard,... she poured iced peppermint tea... This idea of deeper information will turn them into something totally diffeent.. Thanks.

mary rosenblum

Well, that's where you start, tory.

mary rosenblum

At first they're just that...a way to keep the reader in mind of where we are.

mary rosenblum

Then you begin to realize what you can do with 'em...

mary rosenblum

and how you can vary the scene.

dub cooper

In the first example Pelon risked being stoned as a heretic.

dub cooper

In the second he was a co-conspitator.

mary rosenblum

Exactly...

mary rosenblum

your expectation of the entire implied story changed, right?

kungfumama

Made me wonder what he was gonna do with the celery. Chicken soup?

mary rosenblum

Yes...and it sort of pointed out attention to that celery, didn't it?

mary rosenblum

As I said...that is the one spot of color in that scene.

ducky

It's like the difference between telling a reader it's raining, and making them feel that cold rain, making them feel the atmosphere.

mary rosenblum

It is...and beats allow you to do it with tiny bits of action rather than narrative...

mary rosenblum

which has much less impact on the reader.

mary rosenblum

Show, don't tell, remember.

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer. We're talking about beats today. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

lore alley

And sometimes the mundane "filler" beats can add contrast to the conflict that's raging through the character's head. Like counterpoint...

mary rosenblum

Sorry, lore...

mary rosenblum

I had a screen freeze and your comment didn't post..

mary rosenblum

But what Lore said was that a beat can contrast with an internal conflict in your character's head...

mary rosenblum

And it can and cannot..depends.

mary rosenblum

Remember that if you're in limited third or first person...

mary rosenblum

that beat will be filtered through the character's pespective...

mary rosenblum

so it has to be something that he/she would notice, not something that the author points out.

paja

Mary, I came in late. Beats are the small actions that keep narative from being boring? Sorry to be so out of sinque.

mary rosenblum

Hi, paja.

mary rosenblum

Yes, they are the small bits of action that keep the reader aware of the scene...

mary rosenblum

but do much much more.

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer. We're talking about beats today. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

ducky

Yeah... like... He looked across the room at her fingers tapping on the desk and her eyes glaring at him. God, if she were a cat her tail would be switching like crazy.

tweaked

Is this a good example of using beats: "The thought of lighting a fire danced through my mind, but I decided it would be too much work. Besides, my desk is too far from the fire to feel any warmth and, like a beast encased in polar ice, my soul is too cold to care."

mary rosenblum

These are both excellent examples of internal narrative...yoru MC is thinking.

mary rosenblum

A beat would be an action breaking up that internal narrative.

mary rosenblum

He looked across the room at her fingers tapping on the desk and her eyes glaing at him. Looked away. God, if she were a cat her tail would be switching like crazy.

mary rosenblum

The beat is 'Looked away'.

mary rosenblum

That choppy bit of action implies that he is uncomfortable, not curious or entranced or attracted.

mary rosenblum

Beats are a great way to add emotional tone to your characters' thoughts or words.

mary rosenblum

The thought of lighting a fire danced through my mind, but I decided it would be too much work. I hunched over the keyboard. My desk is too far from the fire to feel any warmth and, like a beast encased in polar ice, my sould is too cold to care.

mary rosenblum

Here, the beat is "I hunched over the keyboard'.

mary rosenblum

Nice pair of examples of third and first internal narrative, thanks!

tweaked

OK. So add some sort of motion to the scene...right?

kungfumama

Can beats be something more physical? For instance, an MC putting hands behind their back and clenching them?

mary rosenblum

They can do both of these.

mary rosenblum

In the above example, the beats show us the body language of the MCs.

mary rosenblum

And that helps deepen our sense of their emotional states without any narrative interference at all.

mary rosenblum

And the beats can add motion to the scene, too.

mary rosenblum

Ouir MC in the 'cold' example, might have gotten up to pace...

mary rosenblum

or throw open a window and let the cold sting his face...

mary rosenblum

or done something else to add activity to what might have been a pretty static and internal scene.

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer. We're talking about beats today. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

paja

So, beats show what the unconscious inner feeling looks like or perhaps what undercurrent of external plots are coming into the present?

mary rosenblum

Or they add a 'color contrast' in terms of tone, paja..I gave an example of that in the very start of this forum...

mary rosenblum

you can take a look at it on the transcript, after. :-)

mary rosenblum

Mostly, when you start writing, you use them as a place holder...

mary rosenblum

go ahead and do that on the first draft, but when you can take the time to pay closer attention to a scene...on your second or third draft...then think about what you can do with those beats.

mary rosenblum

Add them where needed, use them to create contrast or reveal emotions.

kungfumama

Seems to me beats break up the rhythm of the writing just enough to add interest and underscore the important element of the scene.

mary rosenblum

They do both those things, kung.

mary rosenblum

And completely apart from what they convey, the serve to vary the rhythm of your words.

mary rosenblum

The actual rhythm of syllables is part of what makes prose strong or weak...it's a subtle...

mary rosenblum

aspect of the whole process. But there are times I'll chose one word over another...

mary rosenblum

because the different accent on the syllables suits the rhythm of the paragraph better.

mary rosenblum

Again, it's like music...

mary rosenblum

sometimes you want a flowing adagio and sometimes you want a brief stacatto.

mary rosenblum

What you do not want is a monotonous and unvarying rhythm.

mary rosenblum

You lull your readers to sleep and it dampens any drama that your words themselves create.

mary rosenblum

Realize that these are advanced aspects of writing...

mary rosenblum

and don't feel discouraged if they are not something you've ever consciously contemplated. :-)

mary rosenblum

You'll DO this long before you'll be aware of WHAT you are doing.

mary rosenblum

You write what 'sounds' or 'feels' right to you.

mary rosenblum

Eventually, you begin to understand WHY that sounds or feels right...

mary rosenblum

and that gives you more control.

mary rosenblum

You can make it happen every time rather than just being pleased when this story works so well. :-)

mary rosenblum

And that's how you move from amateur, who writes something really cool once in awhile...

mary rosenblum

so a pro level when you can produce something that is at least good every time.

mary rosenblum

But nearly everybody does craft before they understand craft. :-)

mary rosenblum

That's why it's so important to point out what is good in a story or article when you critique it.

paja

Painting with words and beats are tiny dabs of intense color that highlight and direct the eye of the reader to see what could have remained unseen.

mary rosenblum

Yes, indeed paja...

mary rosenblum

and that is one of their excellent uses...to direct a small, narrow-beam spotlight on a detail

mary rosenblum

If you're writing mystery for example, you can use beats to direct reader attention away from clues that you are planting.

mary rosenblum

A bit of sleight of hand.

mary rosenblum

For example, a character might be rambling on to your POV and in that ramble lies an important clue that your POV will remember later...

mary rosenblum

but as that character is rambling, you insert a strong beat that directs the readers' attention to something else...

mary rosenblum

and thus diminishes the importance of the ramble.

mary rosenblum

Or, your beat can direct reader attention to something important that will come up later.

mary rosenblum

That bit of direction cues us to remember this detail.

mary rosenblum

We know it's important, we just don't know why yet.

mary rosenblum

Beats are...in my opinion...most difficult to use in first person...

mary rosenblum

because our first person POV has to have reason to mention the action.

janecj333

don't readers begin to detect these techniques and weary of them?

mary rosenblum

Only if you overuse them, Jane.

mary rosenblum

Story is a dynamic between author and reader...it is interactive art.

mary rosenblum

If readers have NO expectations, you have to do a LOT more explaining than a story may support.

mary rosenblum

But readers DO 'know the rules' and when you point out a detail through a beat...and do it subtly...

mary rosenblum

it allows the reader to make the scene work where that detail matters...

mary rosenblum

But anything can be overused to done with a sledge hammer!

mary rosenblum

That's why you write, write, write, practice, practice, practice...

mary rosenblum

You don't play a Beethoven Sonata the first time you sit down at a keyboard.

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer. We're talking about beats today. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

mary rosenblum

Ideally, your reader doesn't notice that small direction until that detail is needed...then you give that reader the 'aha' moment. :-)

mary rosenblum

I'm highly intolerant of fiction where the 'seams show'...

mary rosenblum

If I start seeing the author pulling the strings, I"m out of there.

mary rosenblum

And I know all the tricks, remember, so when I read something that continually sneaks past me and surprises me, I'm in love.

janecj333

I'm all for subtlety, and pretty cautious of 'writerly technique' :)...I do hate to read, esp in sf, a writer who has a row to hoe thinjking the reader won't get it unless he's absolutely transparent in explanation/detail

mary rosenblum

And there' s major difference between writing and really good writing...

mary rosenblum

in really good writing, the techniques do not show.

mary rosenblum

And you get there on your own, seemingly, without seeing the wires and scene settings that guide you right to where the author wants you to go.

mary rosenblum

That is the difference between powerful and not.

mary rosenblum

And there are many writers who are not at all aware of how they do what they do...

mary rosenblum

and they probably couldn't tell you HOW if their lives depended on it. They just do it.

kungfumama

You've given me a lot to think about, Mary. Thanks.

mary rosenblum

The more you write, the more you realize there are many many layers to writing...

mary rosenblum

and you begin to see why some work is more powerful than other.

mary rosenblum

And the more you understand the 'how' of what you do, the more you are able to stretch and grow as a writer...

mary rosenblum

well after you start publishing regularly.

mary rosenblum

Remember that mere plot and idea are only the skeleton of a finished work...

mary rosenblum

and the craft of turning that skeleton into a fully fleshed story will determine its final quality.

mary rosenblum

One of my favorite workshop exercises is to give every person in the workshop the same story to write..

mary rosenblum

same character and story idea...

mary rosenblum

and you never get two stories that are even close to being the same.

mary rosenblum

THAT is what craft is all about.

mary rosenblum

And that is why you don't have to worry one second about 'It's been done'.

mary rosenblum

Doesn't matter.

janecj333

I'm thinking about the savants whose ability to recreate exactly the natural world, on a canvas, can't be taught to the rest of us

mary rosenblum

Well, there are layers and layers of ability, jane...and a lot of 'art' is very teachable.

mary rosenblum

The old issue of 'can art be taught' is going to be around forever...

mary rosenblum

and while the artist's ability to see the essential nature of that landscape or face, or the writer's ability to imagine a story...

mary rosenblum

are things that come out of us...the ability to turn that innate comprehension into something that compells the viewer or reader..

mary rosenblum

is indeed taught. NOne of those masters stood at an easel and created that masterwork on a first try.

mary rosenblum

They LEARNED how to make light and shadow work, how to catch the shimmer of sunlight on a dewdrop...

mary rosenblum

how to make the brushstrokes add to a scene (much as beats do!)...

mary rosenblum

Nobody leaps fully formed from Zeus's forehead, so put that out of your mind right now. :-)

mary rosenblum

It's a huge and daunting myth.

mary rosenblum

And there is no 'all or nothing' in the arts either.

mary rosenblum

Everyone finds their level of ability. THere is a wide range of published prose and collectable art. :-)

mary rosenblum

Craft allows you to become as good as you possibly can.

mary rosenblum

That's why the more you write, the more words you put down, the better you will be.

mary rosenblum

It is never (one of my rare NEVERs) an issue ofwhat you are born with...

mary rosenblum

and you know that on day one.

mary rosenblum

It is an issue of how far you can take what you are born with...and you will not be at that point on day one, believe me!

mary rosenblum

Well, we have indeed strayed off the path of 'beats' haven't we? :-)

mary rosenblum

But that 'art can't be taught' thing nearly always will get me up on my soapbox.

mary rosenblum

It's such a great reason to give up after one rejection! :-)

mary rosenblum

Excuse, I should say.

mary rosenblum

Anyway, back to beats...

mary rosenblum

They begin as a way to keep the reader connected to the scene of the story...

mary rosenblum

and are especially important in long passages of internal or external narrative and dialogue...

mary rosenblum

but you can use them for much more.

mary rosenblum

They orchestrate the rhythm of your words so that you don't end up with a monotonous drone...

mary rosenblum

and they can add hints of emotion, contrasts, enrich the tone of the scene, add a foreshadowing of events...

mary rosenblum

misdirect readers or direct reader attention.

mary rosenblum

Don't worry about them much during your first draft.

mary rosenblum

But on a later draft, after you have done all the 'big fixing' you are going to do...

mary rosenblum

go through your scenes one at a time and really look at what is going on...

mary rosenblum

and then see if you need to add beats or if you can make those beats do more than they originally did.

gwanny

So, it makes sense then if, using music as an example, I think in terms of verse, chorus, verse, chorus, when I write? Of course I would not repeat the same chorus, but you see what I mean?

mary rosenblum

Well, maybe...but do beware of using music too closely as an example...they have some similarities and many differences!

mary rosenblum

In terms of verse/chorus...I can see some similarities in that...

mary rosenblum

you need to keep returning to your plot or the main conflict that drives the story...

mary rosenblum

even as you add action, subplots, what have you.

randi-lee

Having talking head syndrome is what happens when you don't add beats, correct?

mary rosenblum

Absolutely, randi.

mary rosenblum

When you have line after line of dialogue with no beats of action...

mary rosenblum

the effect is of two disembodied heads hanging in gray mist, jabbering at each other!

mary rosenblum

The beats of action in a dialogue scene can reveal the characters' emotions thorugh their body language and add tone.

mary rosenblum

If the mood is explosive or tense, sharp, 'hard' actions accentuate that feeling.

mary rosenblum

Characters stomp, bang doors, chop...

janecj333

Mary, I think what gives me pause abt specific use of technique is that novice writers may use it as substitute for story...and worry that until they have enough schoolin' they can't write what they mean

mary rosenblum

Well, jane it works both ways in the first part of your concern. Generally, novices think that a good plot idea is all you need...not realizing what a huge role craft plays in it.

mary rosenblum

And as you learn technique you tend to overuse it. We all do that.

mary rosenblum

But that's part of learning.

mary rosenblum

And part of the reason I discourage students from doing creative writing degrees is exactly what you say...

mary rosenblum

you get told that until you can write like a master you can't.

mary rosenblum

I have lost some talented students to creative writing grad programs, alas.

geezer

Mary, I'm beginning to think you are a telepath. You always come up with the discussion I need just when I need it.

mary rosenblum

LOL geezer...you must be sending.

randi-lee

I had a very bad problem with that at one time without realizing it till it was pointed out in my writer's group.

mary rosenblum

Talking heads, randi?

mary rosenblum

I see that quite a bit. Screenwriters syndrome. :-)

janecj333

I remember what you said about writers competing with others who write similar work, and it still sticks in my craw. If we unpublished are all writing similar work with similar learned technique, then the 'novel' work that editors beg for is going to be out of our reach...we have to be different, think differntly, create the NEW to compete effectively

mary rosenblum

Well, you know, Jane, there's a reality here and a mistake.

mary rosenblum

You ARE compeiting with other writers...publishers can only publish so many books a year...although you can publish your own book and then you are no longer competing with anyone.

mary rosenblum

BUt if you want Random House or Tor or Putnam to publish you...they have 3000 ms and cannot publish 3000 books.

mary rosenblum

BUT..it is not technique that SELLS a book.

mary rosenblum

Techinique may COST you a sale.

mary rosenblum

But it is your story...how powerfully IT communicates to the editor/reader that sells your book...

mary rosenblum

and that is a combination of your vision and your craft.

mary rosenblum

Your vision may be wonderful, but if your craft is poor and you cannot communicate that vision to the reader it will not move those readers.

mary rosenblum

An idea is worth nothing until you bring it to life.

mary rosenblum

THat is what you use technique for.

mary rosenblum

Technique is HOW you bring that story to live, whether it is Romeo and Juliet in a new form or something much less familiar.

mary rosenblum

Idea alone won't work. Technique alone won't work.

mary rosenblum

It is the magic when they come together that works.

randi-lee

Is talking heads in screenwriters syndrome because they write in the description of the area differently?

mary rosenblum

Ah, randi, it's just what I call it. :-)

mary rosenblum

Because it reminds me of a screenplay, with the dialogue and braketed stage directions.

mary rosenblum

Talking heads is what it's usually called.

mary rosenblum

Well, this has been a fun Oregon hour.

mary rosenblum

When you get to your second draft or so, think about those beats...those insertions of action.

mary rosenblum

See what else you can make them do. :-)

mary rosenblum

Don't fret about 'em on the first draft...

mary rosenblum

that's where you tell your story and nothing else, remember !

mary rosenblum

This is really a very advanced concept here...and one that, as I said, you will do long before you figure out exactly WHAT you are doing. :-)

mary rosenblum

We mostly learn to play by ear. :-)

mary rosenblum

Have a good week, all!

mary rosenblum

I'll post the transcript in the usual place...

mary rosenblum

Writing Craft: Forum Transcripts.

mary rosenblum

And do join us tomorrow for our casual chat.

mary rosenblum

Same time same place, no topic.

mary rosenblum

We just talk writing.

 

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