Forum Transcripts

Flexible Language: Be a Chameleon 4/19/05

Event start time:

Tue Apr 19 12:08:16 2005

Event end time:

Tue Apr 19 13:34:02 2005



Legend:
Questions from the Audience are presented in red.
Answers by the Speaker are in black.
The Moderator's comments are in blue.

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer and today we're talking about language. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

mary rosenblum

I hope you all had a great weekend!

mary rosenblum

I wanted to talk about language today and about 'being a chameleon'...

mary rosenblum

because it's something most novice writers are pretty oblivious to...

mary rosenblum

and it's really important.

sol

Spent most of it getting a start on some spring cleaning.

mary rosenblum

I'm laughing, sol...good occupation, but I find the prospect of spring cleaning a GREAT motivator to begin a new story! :-)

mary rosenblum

But as to language, what I mean is the style and voice you choose to use when you write.

mary rosenblum

Most novice writers focus on WHAT they are saying...

mary rosenblum

HOW we say it is something we rarely think about until we learn it's important...ut u

mary rosenblum

we tend to write like we talk and we just...talk.

curseofthe44

I know this is very off of today's topic, but I'm at work and I don't have anyone else to ask this question. I've received a letter from an editor in response to a query I sent to submit an article. I;ve been given the go-ahead for the article. Do I need to note in the cover letter that they okayed my submission?

mary rosenblum

Oh, congratulations, curse!!!

mary rosenblum

Good for you. Yes, I would mention that okay in your cover letter...

mary rosenblum

the editor will surely remember, BUT someone else...

mary rosenblum

an editorial assistant...may open the ms, and think you disobeyed the writers guidelines...

mary rosenblum

and you may get a form rejection!

mary rosenblum

I have known writers who returned a requested revision only to get a form rejection because they didn't include a SASE!

mary rosenblum

The editor never saw the ms, and some assistant didn't realize it was a requested revision!

mary rosenblum

Remember that editors deal with a LOT of authors and even though we'd all like to think we're unforgettable...

mary rosenblum

we aren't. :-)

curseofthe44

Thank you, Mary. I'm sorry to have interrupted with an off-topic question. I wasn't sure what to do.

mary rosenblum

That's fine, curse...the forums are never strictly limited to the topic...

mary rosenblum

I always welcome questions. When else are you going to ask?

pjwriter2

do u mean the characters voices?

mary rosenblum

No, pj, I don't. That IS a given...every character should sound unique of course...

mary rosenblum

but I am talking about exposition...in both fiction and perhaps even MORE importantly...in nonfiction.

curseofthe44

I've actually given up writing. This query was from several months ago. I'm only responding to it out of duty.

mary rosenblum

OH, I don't know, curse, I've given up writing many times...seems to be serious addiction once you have it.

mary rosenblum

When you're telling a story, your exposition...the non narrative description...should reflect your POV character's voice...

mary rosenblum

as a method of deepening the characterization.

mary rosenblum

But in nonfiction, your language... your 'voice'...

mary rosenblum

needs to reflect the tone of the magazine you are writing for, or your readers if you are writing without a market in mind (something I don't suggest, actually).

mary rosenblum

And it's a good idea to be conscious of your language, or your voice if you will...

mary rosenblum

and by 'voice' what I mean here is your choice of vocabulary, level of complexity (from simple to very literary and complex), your idiom, and the like.

mary rosenblum

Think of it this way. If you are giving a talk to a boy scout troop and to a group of college professors, would you speak the same way?

mary rosenblum

I certainly hope not!

mary rosenblum

You'd sure disappoint one group or the other!

coach

A good example of that (in a middle grade/YA book) is Gary Paulsen's Hatchet. The first half of the book is told in very short, halting sentences (actually kind of hard to read) because his main character is very stressed. This changes to longer, more flowing and relaxed se4ntences once the mc resolves his stress.

mary rosenblum

That's a good example, coach, and I can't remember...isn't that in first person?

coach

yes- told from the inside of the mc's head

mary rosenblum

First person or narrative form (where the 'first person voice' is the author) are written as spoken language...

mary rosenblum

and that is always different from exposition to at least some degree.

mary rosenblum

One of the big differences between selling and non-selling work...especially in nonfiction...is flexibility of language.

mary rosenblum

The really successful freelancers, people who write regularly for various publications, is their ability to suit the language of the publication they're writing for.

sol

This overwhelms me. I don't even know what my OWN voice is yet, and now I feel like I need to be multi-voiced. Like running before learning to walk?

sol

I feel like a lost cause.

mary rosenblum

Well, don't Sol. You'll probably be using varied language long before you're AWARE of doing it. :-)

mary rosenblum

You can't learn everything at once, and your craft improves in what I refer to as 'quantum leaps'.

mary rosenblum

All of a sudden, something you were sometimes making work and sometimes weren't making work...becomes clear. Suddenly you can see HOW to do it intentionally.

mary rosenblum

I'm still making those discoveries!

mary rosenblum

I expect to keep making them.

sol

Quantum leaps?

mary rosenblum

That's my word for it.

mary rosenblum

You do dialogue, say, and sometimes it sounds good and sometimes it doesn't...

mary rosenblum

and you read good and bad examples, and you're not sure why they do or don't work...

mary rosenblum

and then one day, you're working on dialogue and a lightbulb goes on...

mary rosenblum

THAT'S how to make it work!

mary rosenblum

And it seems so OBVIOUS when you realize what the process is...

mary rosenblum

and from then on you don't have any more trouble with it.

mary rosenblum

But until you figure out that 'how' for yourself, you can read and read articles on 'writing good dialogue'...

mary rosenblum

and sometimes your dialogue will work and sometimes it won't...

mary rosenblum

which is why writing classes and books help you, but only if you are WRITING too.

mary rosenblum

And this is why writers get better. You don't spring full-blown into Pulitzer winning writing in one day! :-)

mary rosenblum

It's not a genetic trait!

mary rosenblum

And it sure can feel overwhelming as you try to keep all this 'do and don't do' stuff in your head...

mary rosenblum

but I'll share a very real tip wiht you that will help a lot...

mary rosenblum

DON"T THINK ABOUT IT during the first draft.

mary rosenblum

None of this stuff matters as you are getting your thoughts down.

mary rosenblum

It's all stuff to worry about when you revise.

geezer

Now I'm lost. Are we talking about narrative or dialogue?

mary rosenblum

Actually, narrative and dialogue are very similar geezer...

mary rosenblum

narrative is the author talking, much as a first person character talks...the author tells the story instead of a character is all...

mary rosenblum

dialogue is made up of various characters talking.

mary rosenblum

Exposition is stuff that is neither narrative nor dialogue...description in other words.

mary rosenblum

And language applies to all...

mary rosenblum

but where writers tend to pay more attention to varying their use of language in dialogue or when creating a first person POV voice (or they SHOULD be, at least)...

mary rosenblum

many writers don't think about their use of language when writing exposition...

mary rosenblum

such as in nonfiction.

mary rosenblum

And the right choice of language: vocabulary, idiom, and structure...matter.

sol

Hmmm. Okay. I know what my problem is, then. Bad WRITING habits. Gotta write more "shitty first drafts"

sol

Then I can get all this gunk out of my head.

mary rosenblum

Yep.

mary rosenblum

First drafts should ALWASY be 'shitty'.

mary rosenblum

Look, you have a split brain...everybody does.

mary rosenblum

One side is The Editor.

mary rosenblum

The other side is The Creator.

mary rosenblum

You need to shut The Editor up while you're writing the first draft.

mary rosenblum

Think of it as throwing lumps of clay onto a platform and shaping it into a crude sculpture...get messy, sloppy, muddy.

mary rosenblum

Then turn The Editor on and add the fine details, shape the features, form the curve of those cheekbones...

pjwriter2

can u give 3 or 4 examples

mary rosenblum

Of language, pj?

sol

Thank you for this. I need it so much! I'll re-read this often.! And APPLY it!

mary rosenblum

Try sticking it onto your computer monitor on a post-it, sol.

mary rosenblum

Really and truely the hardest thing about writing for many people is to learn to let go...

mary rosenblum

and NOT try to write a perfect piece in draft one.

mary rosenblum

That can really get in your way.

gskearney

Now, you've done it. Lucky is going to be telling me, the editor, to just shut up all the time because SHE'S the CREATOR. --gk

mary rosenblum

Well, there you go, Gary. :-) You just get to be quiet and polish, that's all. :-)

pjwriter2

like the for say...3 different mags.

mary rosenblum

Sure. Let's take a subject like dogs...

mary rosenblum

Say you're writing one piece for your everyday dog owner...

mary rosenblum

and you're writing with an 'expert peer' slant...

mary rosenblum

that is, you're writing as a dog owner with more experience than your readers, but you'll strive for a 'we're all dog owners together' voice.

mary rosenblum

And for our other example...you're writing for say, a 4-H handout, where you're speaking as an expert (a dog trainer) to a bunch of novices...

mary rosenblum

and you're writing as an expert rather than a peer.

mary rosenblum

In the 'peer' slant, you'll speak informally, fairly casually, you'll use a lot of conversational idiom, you will not use a lecture voice.

gail

Okay, so if your "editor brain" won't shut up, what then? A lobotomy? ;-) Hmmmm...might work!

mary rosenblum

Gail, I have had thoughts along those lines at times, LOL!

mary rosenblum

While in the 4-H case, you will use more formal grammatical construction, you won't use as much or perhaps any idiom, you will not use a casual and informal voice.

butch

Could you give an example for fiction?

mary rosenblum

Well, in fiction, butch, your exposition should reflect your POV character's language.

mary rosenblum

In fiction, you are either writing narrative...TELLING the story...and in that case you use YOUR voice.

mary rosenblum

Or you are writing in first person and in that chase you use the language, diction, and vocabulary of your POV character...

mary rosenblum

or you're writing in third and in that case, you want the reader not to really notice the exposition...

mary rosenblum

to feel as if he/she is 'seeing and hearing' the scenes...

mary rosenblum

so if you use the vocabulary and idiom your POV character would use...

mary rosenblum

the exposition seems to be an extension of your POV character's awareness and sort of disappears.

sol

Okay. I see better now. And I feel less overwhelmed. Thank you, Mary.

mary rosenblum

I'm glad, sol! It's really not overwhelming when you actually do it...

mary rosenblum

it's just a matter of polishing up the lump of clay.

gskearney

I was a teacher before I tried writing, and I think learning to speak to each student on a personal level that they could understand made it easy for me to adopt different voices for NF articles. But that was something that seemed to come natural to me, and my students really appreciated the way I could get into their heads to answer what they were really asking. --gk

mary rosenblum

And I think that's one of the things that makes some teachers really good and others not...

mary rosenblum

that ability to 'speak the language' of the audience.

sol

And lumpy it is. LOL

mary rosenblum

I hope so, Sol! It's much easier to make changes to 'lumpy' stuff. :-) You should see the drafts my long-suffering readers get! LOL

mary rosenblum

But whether or not you can 'speak the audience's language' naturally, you can sure learn to do it well.

mary rosenblum

And one very effective method, especially for nonfiction, is to create a reader for yourself.

mary rosenblum

Works in fiction, too, btw. :-)

mary rosenblum

Create that reader as a character and then talk to that reader the way you'd talk to that person.

mary rosenblum

What level of language would you use?

mary rosenblum

And even MORE importantly...what role are YOU taking here?

mary rosenblum

Are you speaking as an Expert?

mary rosenblum

if so, your language will be more formal...

mary rosenblum

less personal.

mary rosenblum

You are saying 'I'm in charge here...I'm telling you how it is'.

mary rosenblum

Or are you speaking as a friend, neighbor, someone who has had the same problem and dealt with it...

mary rosenblum

Here, you are making a strong personal connection...

mary rosenblum

Yeah, I'm just like you, but I've been down this road and this is how I handled the problem'.

mary rosenblum

And your idiom, your vocabulary, your word choices depend on your audience no matter whether you are speaking formally or informally.

mary rosenblum

If I write an article as 'expert' for 4-Hers and competition obedience trainers...

mary rosenblum

I may be speaking as an expert in both cases, but I will NOT use the same vocabulary...

mary rosenblum

for those kids who don't know anything about dog training as I will use for the adult competitors...

mary rosenblum

This is why in nonfiction, you really need to write for your particular audience.

sol

Drama class! Role playing by myself! THAT sounds fun!

mary rosenblum

That's it exactly...

mary rosenblum

characterization is a critical skill whether you write fiction or non. :-)

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer and today we're talking about language. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

geezer

So, in a novel it's best to use third POV? My MC is an astrospectrophotomitrist. A can't imagine the reader living through the jargon.

mary rosenblum

WEll, geezer, first person POV in a novel length work is a bit of a challenge..

mary rosenblum

It's certainly doable, and it's almost the formula for some genres...such as 'hard-boiled detective' mysteries.

mary rosenblum

But you run the risk of boring the reader if your MC's voice is weak!

mary rosenblum

ANd in your example, your POV character knows what all those terms mean, so he isn't going to stop to explain them...

mary rosenblum

and that can indeed be a problem.

mary rosenblum

But if you use third and give him a naive character to deal with...

mary rosenblum

he will need to explain to that naive and thus to us.

pjwriter2

I need sound proof room for that or the family will have me committed lol

mary rosenblum

PJ, I'm laughing. I tell people that's why I have dogs...people at least think I'm talking to them!

mary rosenblum

But seriously, I do work out a lot of dialogue out loud and I have a bad habit of forgetting that I"m in a public place at times... :-)

mary rosenblum

I'm sure I've given a few people the idea that I'm certifiable! LOL

mary rosenblum

Language IS important.

mary rosenblum

I've had more than one LR student who would have published easily in NF except that I could NOT get them...

mary rosenblum

to vary their language. They always used the same style, voice, level of idiom...

mary rosenblum

and so they were limited to markets where that type of language suited...

mary rosenblum

and that narrowed their options tremendously.

sol

So . . . it looks like this "bad habit" I've had of talking out loud to myself is actually going to be a GOOD thing after all.

mary rosenblum

Sure. Gets you weird looks when you do it in the supermarket...

mary rosenblum

but working your dialogue through out loud is a very good habit.

mary rosenblum

You can TELL if something sounds like real speech when you say it.

mary rosenblum

One of the problems a lot of novice writers have...

mary rosenblum

is 'trying too hard' language-wise.

mary rosenblum

There is a belief that big words, unusual forms, make the work sound 'literary'...

mary rosenblum

and they can make it sound instead, stilted, formal, and it can actually get in the way of what you are trying to convey.

mary rosenblum

For those of you who have William Zinsser's 'On Writing Well'...

mary rosenblum

read his sections on 'clutter' and 'simplicity'.

mary rosenblum

They apply to fiction and nonfiction both.

mary rosenblum

(And for those of you who do NOT own Zinsser, I recommend you buy a copy and read it).

sol

Yes . . . it's a great resource!

mary rosenblum

Yes, it is, and it's a very general look at writing craft...

mary rosenblum

even though he is essentially addressing nonfiction, and covers some topics like interviewing specifically...

mary rosenblum

his sections on the craft of prose are valuable no matter what you write.

mary rosenblum

Even in fiction, language plays a major role in setting the 'tone'.

mary rosenblum

As I said, it's a good idea in limited third to use your POV character's vocabulary and idiom in your exposition...

mary rosenblum

but in some genres, such as classic fantasy for example...

mary rosenblum

and some types of horror...

mary rosenblum

a formal, lyrical 'fantasy voice' is used to create that 'fairy tale' sense.

mary rosenblum

Tanith Lee's dark fantasies are good examples of that 'fairy tale' language.

pjwriter2

why do most books lean toward teaching about nonfiction writing rather than fiction are most writing rules for both?

mary rosenblum

I'm not sure 'most' books teach nonfiction, pj. It seems to me that I see more books about writing fiction! But the craft of prose writing...

mary rosenblum

making words do what you want them to do, whether that is to convey information...

mary rosenblum

or create a vivid scene...is the same for fiction and non.

mary rosenblum

Many of the things you do in fiction, you also do in non..

mary rosenblum

and some of the best nonfiction writers started out writing fiction.

geezer

I'm still uncomfortable. I was told newspapers shoot for a 5th grade level readership. In a novel, what education level should you write for?

mary rosenblum

Journalism has its own rules geezer and it is a VERY different form of writing from either fiction or popular nonfiction.

mary rosenblum

And yes, the average newspaper is about 5th/6th grade vocabulary.

mary rosenblum

BUT...as to your fiction..well, who is your reader?

mary rosenblum

Who are you telling the story for?

mary rosenblum

If you haven't given it any thought, then it's probably for yourself...

mary rosenblum

But if you intentionally set out to write for an audience, say Young Adult...

mary rosenblum

well, your readers are 12 or they're 16 or they're 8.

mary rosenblum

You'll use language and vocabulary appropriate for that group.

mary rosenblum

If you intentionally want to write for 20 year old SF readers...

mary rosenblum

you're writing mostly for 20 year old guys.

mary rosenblum

Use the appropriate idiom and vocabulary..

mary rosenblum

BUT...in fiction...it's less important (for adult fiction, not YA)...

mary rosenblum

for the language to suit the STORY rather than to suit the reader.

mary rosenblum

Your story needs to suit the reader, after all...it will find its own readers in the huge and wide range of fiction readers.

bookworm4fun

is it that most people read at that level or are newspapers just concerned with a "quick read" so folks can get through the paper?

mary rosenblum

I'm not sure what a journalism professor would tell you, bookworm. I'm not a journalist, but I assume that it's probably a combination of the two...

mary rosenblum

I know that journalists do aim for the 'quick read', and I suspect...

mary rosenblum

the vocabulary has a 'lowest common denomiator' feature.

mary rosenblum

This is the Tuesday Forum with me, Mary Rosenblum, LR Web Editor, fiction and nonfiction writer and today we're talking about language. If you're new here, remember that you need to click on the 'Ask a Question' button or the 'word bubble' next to the red question mark at the top of the screen, or use the ask a question icon in order to ask a question. Your regular 'send' bar won't reach me! You can also type /ask in front of your question to reach me.

mary rosenblum

An excellent exercise for all you nonfiction people out there...

mary rosenblum

is to pick up an issue of a magazine you read, and analyze the language of the articles...

mary rosenblum

they are going to be similar in many ways, for most magazines.

mary rosenblum

Then try copying that language.

mary rosenblum

It's a good exercise in fiction, too.

mary rosenblum

Write a scene.

mary rosenblum

Try doing it first without any thought...just write it.

mary rosenblum

Then change it.

mary rosenblum

Write a new version trying for a poetic, ornate 'fairy tale' type of language...

mary rosenblum

And try another version with a very terse, taut type of language...

mary rosenblum

simple words, minimal vocabulary.

mary rosenblum

You should end up with three scenes that feel VERY different...

mary rosenblum

and it's a nice example of just how much language matters.

mary rosenblum

You know, if you think about writing as a skill like playing the violin or piano...

mary rosenblum

there are some lessons to be learned from the way we learn to play an instrument.

mary rosenblum

You don't practice only Beethoven concertos!

mary rosenblum

You play a LOT of scales and exercises...

mary rosenblum

and most people don't tend to do that with writing...

mary rosenblum

every piece most people write is MEANT to be a concerto...whether it succeeds or not.

mary rosenblum

Why not play some scales and exercises?

mary rosenblum

I still do that.

mary rosenblum

I write scenes that never go anywhere...

mary rosenblum

I write nonfiction pieces that I might hand out to students in a dog class...but never go anywhere else..

mary rosenblum

I do stuff that I simple delete when I'm done.

mary rosenblum

Try out styles, try going 'over the top' for effects...

mary rosenblum

see what works and what does not and you get to do with without any fear of failure...

mary rosenblum

because it's only a 'scale'.

mary rosenblum

If I really like one of those exercises, I'll save it..

mary rosenblum

maybe someday I'll put together a 'patchwork quilt' of some of those bits and pieces, who knows?

mary rosenblum

And maybe not...

sol

But the thought of these "little" exercises takes the load off. I feel jazzed again!

mary rosenblum

Oh, they can be very freeing...and you can try stuff you know you'll never really do...

mary rosenblum

as I said, go 'over the top' for extreme effects...

mary rosenblum

and often you get some ideas of how to do something differently in your next 'real' piece.

mary rosenblum

Or you find that, nah, this doesn't really work very well...

mary rosenblum

But you LEARN.

mary rosenblum

This is a good way to play with language.

mary rosenblum

make up exercises for yourself.

mary rosenblum

Do a narrative scene in three very different voices...

mary rosenblum

and see just how different you can make them.

mary rosenblum

Write a passage for two very different audiences...

mary rosenblum

Pick a writer you love and try your darndest to copy that person's voice.

mary rosenblum

It won't hurt you...won't compromise your style...

mary rosenblum

that will evolve all by itself don't worry...

mary rosenblum

but it's like flexing different muscles...it improves your fitness and flexibility over all.

sol

I like your analogies, Mary

mary rosenblum

WEll, you know, sol, we tend to take writing too seriously sometimes...

mary rosenblum

as if it's some sort of 'god given talent' that we can't really do anything about...

mary rosenblum

and it's much more like learning ballet or carpentry or to play an instrument.

mary rosenblum

You have some degree of talent, yeah, but a LOT of it is simply learning...

mary rosenblum

how to do the steps, or create a square corner, or play a concerto.

geezer

I guess the first step in education is to realize how ignorant you are. But, the vultures are circling!

mary rosenblum

I'm not sure that's the best first step, geezer...it's real easy to stop when you start thinking about how much you have yet to learn!

mary rosenblum

If I were you, I'd think it terms of something you HAVE learned to do in your life...

mary rosenblum

you weren't good at it on the first day, but now you really ARE good at it...

mary rosenblum

and writing is the same. You continually get better. (IF you write, that is!!!)

avatar

I like the idea of freeing your mind and taking flight!

mary rosenblum

That is something nearly everyone is guilty of avatar...thinking that we can only write a story or an article, that we can't just WRITE for no reason other than experimentation.

frazz

Mary, what can I do if my time is limited? I have two little ones at home...and they take a LOT of attention . I want to progress. Suggestions?

mary rosenblum

Oh, been there, frazz...I was a single mom with two young sons when I started writing!

mary rosenblum

You can do this on a pad while you're cooking dinner...

mary rosenblum

in ten minutes while your kids are playing in the sandbox...what have you...

mary rosenblum

live with a pad and pen...I had them all over the house, car, wherever...

mary rosenblum

and just write in small bits...

mary rosenblum

you get used to it.

mary rosenblum

I wrote an entire novel in scribbled notes. :-)

sol

And learn is something we can all do, right?

mary rosenblum

Everyone can learn. Some learn faster than others, but I've never met anyone would couldn't learn.

mary rosenblum

I HAVE met people would didn't really want to learn and they sure didn't. :-)

mary rosenblum

But that was their choice.

sol

How did you keep track of all those small bits?

mary rosenblum

I numbered them, stacked them in a box and when I had some precious computer time, I transcribed then onto the computer...

mary rosenblum

If I forgot to number them, I just had to figure out which came next is all...

mary rosenblum

Think about your words ...not on your first draft..

mary rosenblum

just get that DONE..

mary rosenblum

But when you get done, pay attention to the vocabulary and idiom you used.

mary rosenblum

Does it suit your audience if you're writing NF?

mary rosenblum

Does it reflect your character if you're writing third person POV fiction.

mary rosenblum

If you're writing first person narrative, is it the vocabular and idiom...the voice...of your POV character?

mary rosenblum

Never ignore language.

mary rosenblum

BUt...DO NOT let it get in the way of creating.

mary rosenblum

When you're creating...just do THAT.

mary rosenblum

When you have a first draft, THEN let the Editor out of its cage.

mary rosenblum

I hope you can all make my interview with Joy Smith this Thursday evening...

mary rosenblum

appropos of our talk about websites, she'll be talking about marketing your work and using a blog ...a web log...as a marketing tool.

mary rosenblum

Drop in here tomorrow, same time and place, for our casual chat.

mary rosenblum

That's a good place to bring any questions you have, comments, requests, stuck stories...what have you.

mary rosenblum

Great time to just hang out with other writers.

mary rosenblum

Have a good week, all!

mary rosenblum

I'll post the transcript in the usual place:

mary rosenblum

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